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Sophora also contain these valuable constituents. S. japonica and S. angustifolia are also called Ku Shen in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, because in Traditional Chinese Medicine, they were found to have properties and applications nearly equivalent to those of S. flavescens. S. subprostrata is also quite similar but is distinguished as Shan Dou Gen. Both types of TCM herb are bitter, cold "heat clearing" herbs, but Ku Shen is thought to "dry dampness" whereas Shan Dou Gen is thought to "clean toxins." S. alopecuroides is also used in traditional medicine. Of all the alkaloid rich Sophoras, though, S. flavescens is most common and most commonly used. It is much like the usage prevalence of Echinacea purpurea over its cousins in the United States.Asthma and BronchitisIn animal studies, the alkaloid matrine was found to be as effective as methylxanthine bronchodilator aminophylline without its stimulatory side effects. Oxymatrine was also found to inhibit histamine release in mice. Sophocarpine, another alkaloid in Ku Shen, was found be antitussive, inhibiting the urge to cough, while its flavone compounds demonstrated expectorant effects. 517 cases of asthmatic bronchitis were treated with Ku Shen with an 86.5% effectiveness and 38.8% marked effectiveness rate.Cardiac ArrhythmiasKu Shen has been shown to counteract several types of arrhythmia, particularly premature sytole; regulate heart contractility; dilate the coronary artery, increase blood flow and improve cardiac oxygen levels; and counteract the myocarditis-causing coxsackie virus. In one study of 32 patients, arrhythmias were improved with 84% effectiveness and 56% marked effectiveness.Infections and Skin Conditions